Palabras clave
cuerpo vivido
fenomenología
Merleau-Ponty
bioética
Cómo citar
Citas en Dimensions Service
Resumen
Este artículo propone un cambio de paradigma en el tratamiento de la obesidad; en lugar de centrarse únicamente en el control biomédico del peso, la aborda como una experiencia encarnada que implica dilemas bioéticos. A través de la fenomenología de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, se replantea la obesidad desde la ontología y epistemología del cuerpo vivido, explorando cómo la percepción y la corporalidad moldean la vivencia de la salud. Bajo este supuesto teórico, se revisan los principios bioéticos clásicos —autonomía, beneficencia y justicia—, situándolos en las realidades corporales, intersubjetivas y vulnerables de las personas que viven con obesidad. Se argumenta que una bioética fenomenológica identifica la autonomía integrada al cuerpo, la relación médico-paciente como un encuentro entre subjetividades encarnadas, y una noción de justicia sensible al estigma y a los determinantes sociales. Se concluye proponiendo una ética relacional y situada de la obesidad que reconozca la interdependencia, promoviendo políticas de salud y prácticas clínicas más inclusivas y respetuosas con la agencia corporal.
Citas
Adams, Ted, Richard E. Gress, Sherman C. Smith, et al. 2007. “Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery”. The New England Journal of Medicine 357 (8): 753-61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa066603
Arterburn, David E., Maren K. Olsen, Valerie A. Smith, et al. 2015. “Association between bariatric surgery and long-term survival”. Journal of the American Medical Association 313: 62-70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.16968
Baez, Andrew S., Lola R. Ortiz-Whittingham, Hannatu Tarfa, et al. 2023. “Social determinants of health, health disparities, and adiposity”. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 78: 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.04.011
Bąk-Sosnowska, Monika, Małgorzata Moszak, Antonina Doroszewska, Mariusz Wyleżoł, Lucyna Ostrowska y Pawel Bogdanski. 2022. “Patient-centered care and ‘people-first language’ as tools to prevent stigmatization of patients with obesity”. Polish Archives of Internal Medicine 132 (10): 16351. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.16351
Buffone, Jesica Estefanía. 2024. “La dimensión normativa del hábito en Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Los objetos como organizadores de la corporalidad”. Tópicos Revista de Filosofía de Santa Fe 46: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.14409/topicos.2024.46.e0100
Calluori, Stephanie, Kaitlin Kirkpatrick Heimke, Charlisse Caga-anan, David Kaufman, Leah E. Mechanic, Kimberly A. McAllister. 2025. “Ethical, legal, and social implications of gene-environment interaction research”. Genetic Epidemiology 49 (1): e22591. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.22591
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. 2014. “SAMHSA/CSAT Treatment Improvement Protocols”. In Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
Churchill, Scott D. 2012. “Resoundings of the flesh: Caring for others by way of ‘second person’ perspectivity”. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being 7 (1): 8187. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v7i0.8187
Coyne, Lewis. 2023. “What is phenomenological bioethics? A critical appraisal of its ends and means”. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 48 (2): 170-83. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhad001
Crawford, Robert. 1980. “Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life”. International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation 10 (3): 365-88. https://doi.org/10.2190/3H2H-3XJN-3KAY-G9NY
David, James Ojochenemi. 2024. “Decolonizing climate change response: African indigenous knowledge and sustainable development”. Frontiers in Sociology 9: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1456871
Dolezal, Luna y Danielle Petherbridge. 2017. Body/Self/Other: The Phenomenology of Social Encounters. State University of New York Press.
Fagioli, Nicolás. 2024. “Contra la asepsia del mundo. La ontología tardía de Merleau-Ponty y la problemática de la carne”. Revista de Filosofía (La Plata) 53 (2): e089. https://doi.org/10.24215/29533392e089
Gómez-Pérez, Daniela, Manuel S. Ortiz y José L. Saiz. 2017. “Estigma de obesidad, su impacto en las víctimas y en los equipos de salud: una revisión de la literatura”. Revista Médica de Chile 145: 1160-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872017000901160
González, Roberto Andrés y Gabriel Jiménez Tavira. 2011. “Fenomenología del entrecruce del cuerpo y el mundo en Merleau-Ponty”. Ideas y Valores 60 (145): 113-30. Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2026. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/809/80918571014.pdf
Gooding, Luke, Daniel Knox, Emily Boxall, Robert Phillips, Tracy Simpson, Charlotte Nordmoen, et al. 2025. “Ecological citizenship and the codesign of inclusive and resilient pathways for sustainable transitions”. Sustainability 17 (8): 3588. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083588
Grīnfelde, Māra. 2023. “Body objectified? Phenomenological perspective on patient objectification in teleconsultation”. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 26 (3): 335-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10148-w
Haga, Britt Marit, Bodil Furnes, Elin Dysvik y Venke Ueland. 2020. “Putting life on hold: lived experiences of people with obesity”. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 34: 514-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12756
Helforoush, Zarindokht y Hossein Sayyad. 2024. “Prediction and classification of obesity risk based on a hybrid metaheuristic machine learning approach”. Frontiers Big Data 7: 1469981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1469981
Hong, Sangmo y Cheol-Young Park. 2025. “From old to new: A comprehensive review of obesity diagnostic criteria and their implications”. Endocrinology and Metabolism 40 (4): 517-22. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2590
Isaksson, Jenni, Maria Lundvall y Lina Palmér. 2025. “Living in an invaded existence: a phenomenological lifeworld study of young women’s experiences of peer-perpetrated sexual violence in Sweden”. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 20 (1): 2530749. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2025.2530749
Karreman, Nancy, Yuru Huang, Na-talie Egan, et al. 2023. “Understanding the role of the state in dietary public health policymaking: a critical scoping review”. Health Promotion International 38 (5): 1-13 https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daad100
Kost, Caroline, Kimberly Jamie y Elizabeth Mohr. 2024. “‘Whatever I said didn’t register with her’: medical fatphobia and interactional and relational disconnect in healthcare encounters”. Frontiers in Sociology 9: 1303919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1303919
Leitan, Nuwan D. y Greg Murray. 2014. “The mind-body relationship in psychotherapy: grounded cognition as an explanatory framework”. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00472
Lewis, Jonathan y Søren Holm. 2023. “Towards a concept of embodied autonomy: In what ways can a patient’s body contribute to the autonomy of medical decisions?” Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 26 (3): 451-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10159-7
Mackenzie, Catriona. 2001. “On Bodily Autonomy”. En Handbook of Phenomenology and Medicine, editado por S. Kay Toombs, 417-39. Springer.
MacLean, Paul, S., Jenny A. Higgins, Erin D. Giles, Vanessa D. Sherk, y Matthew R. Jackman. 2015. “The role for adipose tissue in weight regain after weight loss”. Obesity reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16 (Supl. 1): 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12255
Mauro, Maria Francesca, Marcelo Papelbaum, Marco Antonio Alves Brasil, et al. 2019. “Is weight regain after bariatric surgery associated with psychiatric comorbidity? A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 20 (10): 1413-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12907
Mehling, Wolf E., Judith Wrubel, Jennifer J. Daubenmier, et al. 2011. “Body Awareness: a phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies”. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine: PEHM 6 (6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-6-6
Meneguzzo, Paola, Elena Tenconi, Enrico Collantoni, et al. 2022. “The Cyberball task in people after obesity surgery: preliminary evaluation of cognitive effects of social inclusion and exclusion with a laboratory task”. Eating and weight disorders: EWD 27 (4): 1523-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-021-01297-z
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 2013. Phenomenology of Perception. Traducido por Donald A. Landes. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
Moya, Patricia. 2014. “Habit and embodiment in Merleau-Ponty”. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8: 542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00542
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Exploring the Science on Measures of Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution, and Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop Series, editado por Amanda Berhaupt. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27461
Natvik, Eli, Målfrid Råheim y Randi Sviland. 2021. “The hamster wheel: a case study on embodied narrative identity and overcoming severe obesity”. Medicine, Health care, and Philosophy 24 (2): 255-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10002-x
Nuttall, Frank Q. 2015. “Body mass index: Obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review”. Nutrition Today 50: 117-28. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000092
Nyman, Viola M. K., Asa K. Prebensen y Gullvi E. Flensner. 2010. “Obese women’s experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth”. Midwifery 26 (4): 424-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.10.008
Penney, Tarra L. y Sara F. Kirk. 2015. “The health at every size paradigm and obesity: missing empirical evidence may help push the reframing obesity debate forward”. American Journal of Public Health 105 (5): e38-42. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302552
Phelan, Sean M., Darren J. Burgess, Mark W. Yeazel, Wendy L. Hellerstedt, John M. Griffin y Michelle van Ryn. 2015. “Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity”. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 16 (4): 319-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12266
Pratt, Bridget, Phaik Yeong Cheah y Vicki Marsh. 2020. “Solidarity and community engagement in global health research”. The American Journal of Bioethics 20 (5): 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1745930
Puhl, Rebecca M. y Chelsea A. Heuer. 2010. “Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health”. American Journal of Public Health 100 (6): 1019-28. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491
Ramos Salas, Ximena, Mary Forhan, Timothy Caulfield, Arya M. Sharma, y Kim D. Raine. 2019. “Addressing internalized weight bias and changing damaged social identities for people living with obesity”. Frontiers in Psychology 10: 1409. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01409
Rico Bovio, Arturo. 1998. Las fronteras del cuerpo. Crítica de la corporeidad. Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Samra, Rajvinder. 2025. “Conceptualising lived experience in mental health research: Problems, Insights and Implications”. Sociology of Health & Illness 47 (4): e70039. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.70039
Lopes dos Santos, Alison, Camila Pereira de Souza y Lucas Guimarães Bloc. 2025. “João’s obese body: A case study in light of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology”. Revista Psicopatologia Fenomenológica Contemporânea 14 (1): 243-63. https://doi.org/10.37067/rpfc.v14i1.1255
Serrano-Fuentes, Nestor, Anne Rogers y Mari Carmen Portillo. 2024. “Beyond individual responsibility: Exploring lay understandings of the contribution of environments on personal trajectories of obesity”. PLOS One 19 (5): e0302927. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302927
Slatman, Jenny. 2014a. “Multiple dimensions of embodiment in medical practices”. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 17 (4): 549-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-014-9544-2
Slatman, Jenny. 2014b. Our Strange Body: Philosophical Reflections on Identity and Medical Interventions. Amsterdam University Press.
Tanaka, Soho. 2015. “Intercorporeality as a theory of social cognition”. Theory & Psychology 25 (4): 455-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354315583035
Ter Meulen, Ruud. 2016. “Solidarity, justice, and recognition of the other”. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 37 (6): 517-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-016-9387-3
Tremmel, Maximilian, Ulf G. Gerdtham, Peter M. Nilsson y Sanjib Saha. 2017. “Economic burden of obesity: A systematic literature review”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (4): 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040435
Tylka, Tracy L., Rachel A. Annunziato, Deb Burgard, et al. 2014. “The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being overweight loss”. Journal of Obesity (1): 983495. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/983495
Vial, Iván, Marcin Moskalewicz, Anastazja Szuła, Michael A. Schwartz y Thomas Fuchs. 2024. “Close, yet so far away: a phenomenology of the praecox feeling in the diagnosis of schizophrenia as intercorporeal alienness”. Frontiers of Psychiatry 15: 1445615. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1445615
Wang-Chen, Yixi, Hui Yang, Nicole J. Kellow y Tammie S. T. Choi. 2025. “Exploring the perceptions of Chinese adults toward overweight and obesity: A systematic literature review”. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 26 (7): e13913. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13913
Zeiler, Kristin. 2013. “A phenomenology of excorporation, bodily alienation, andresistance: Rethinkingsexed and racialized embodiment”. Hypatia 28 (1): 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2012.01305.x
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Descargas
Metricas de Plumx